Hormones are the body’s chemical messengers. They act on various tissues and organs in the body to change their behavior. For example, the hormone prolactin stimulates the production of breastmilk.

Hormones can be helpful heroes, supporting the immune system and a healthy sleep-wake schedule. But they can also be culprits of frustrating body issues, like excess weight that won’t come off despite ...

Adaptive stress responses mediated by the endocrine, autonomic, cardiovascular and immune systems are essential for the survival of the individual. Initial stress-induced responses provide a vital ...