For observations based on sensory data, the human brain must constantly verify which "version" of reality underlies the perception. The answer is gleaned from probability distributions that are stored ...

Vision is a highly complex process, and requires the construction of a correspondingly complicated functional network made up of diverse nerve-cell types in the developing retina. In mammals, these ...

Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), which is defined as a congenital deficiency of retinal ganglion cells, may also involve more distal layers of the retina. We investigated electrophysiological function of ...

The concern with the cervical herniated disk and the popular whiplash injury as a source of pain in the upper extremity may exclude consideration of a more distal origin of such pain. It is the ...

Frog brains get busy long before they’re fully formed. Just a day after fertilization, embryonic brains begin sending signals to far-off places in the body, helping oversee the layout of complex ...

The peroneal is one of the major nerves in your leg, and the most common injury symptom is weakness when raising your toes. Treating it depends on the underlying cause, but it can include ...

When surrounding structures put pressure on a nerve, it’s referred to as a pinched nerve. It causes symptoms in the part of the body that’s supplied by that nerve. This article describes the causes ...