Understanding the feed-forward mechanism is required in order to create a neural network that solves difficult practical problems such as predicting the result of a football game or the movement of a ...

Author’s note: This article shows how to derive circuit gain equations via a signal flow graph. With practice you may be able to write a gain equation by locating signal paths and loops in the ...

To recap, in Part 2 we introduced the input common-mode and output swing limitations of operational amplifiers (op amps), which are the fundamental building blocks of instrumentation amplifiers (IAs).

A switching dc-dc converter converts an input voltage to an output of a different magnitude and/or polarity with high efficiency. Typically, such a converter must be regulated; that is, able to ...