At the trench, large amounts of water are expelled back into the ocean from the down-going sediments 10. Meanwhile, numerous earthquakes associated with thrust faulting—some of which, such as the ...

Mid-ocean ridges, transform faults, subduction and continental collisions form the conventional theory of plate tectonics to explain non-rigid behaviour at plate boundaries. However, the theory does ...

Beneath the American Midwest, on the continent of North America, the underside of Earth's crust is dripping into the planetary interior. There, blobs of molten rock are coalescing in the upper mantle ...