Introduction to Mendelian randomization, the problems with using traditional observational studies to investigate causality, and Randomized controlled trials as the gold standard for causal research.

The year was 1900. Three European botanists — one Dutch, one German and one Austrian — all reported results from breeding experiments in plants. Each claimed that they had independently discovered ...

In Mendelian inheritance patterns, you receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. These alleles can be dominant or recessive. Non-Mendelian genetics don’t completely follow ...